2. Give and Receive Action and Four Position Foundation
2.1. Give and Receive Action between Sungsang and Hyungsang
2.1.1. What Is the Give and Receive Action Between Sungsang and Hyungsang?
2.1.2. Concepts of Union and New Being
The reason that all things maintain their existence, survival, and duration, and at the same time move and develop is that give and receive actions similar to those in the Original Image (between Sungsang and Hyungsang) are carried out among the myriads of individuals from heavenly bodies to atoms. In accordance with the law of resemblance, the natures of all things resemble the attributes of God, and the relationships and interactions among all things resemble the structure of the Original Image, namely, the relationship and give and receive action between Sungsang and Hyungsang. In other words, all created beings should necessarily resemble the give and receive action within the Original Image in order for them to exist, live, move, and develop.
2.1.3. Round, Harmonious and Smooth Nature of the Give and Receive Action
2.2. Subject and Object, and the Four Position Foundation
2.2.1. What Is the Four Position Foundation?
When Sungsang and Hyungsang are engaged in give and receive action, they are not in the same position. Position here refers to the position with the qualification to rule all things (DP, 78). In other words, position is related to the degree of activity: When we say that Sungsang and Hyungsang are different in position, it means that Sungsang is in a more active position than Hyungsang, or Hyungsang is in a more passive position than Sungsang. An element or an individual that is in a more active position is called “subject,” and an element or an individual that is in a more passive position is called “object.” Accordingly, when Sungsang and Hyungsang are engaged in give and receive action, Sungsang is subject, and Hyungsang is object.
The four-position foundation consists of the four positions of center, subject, object, and result, and give and receive action always takes place based on the four-position foundation. This means that the structure of the four positions of center, subject, object, and result is fixed and unchanging, whereas the actual element to be established in each position is different for each four-position foundation.
2.2.2. Concept of Subject and Object
Let me discuss the concept of subject and object more concretely. By doing so the character of give and receive action may be understood more concretely. As already explained, the subject is “active” in relation to the object, whereas the object is “passive” in relation to the subject. To explain in more detail, the relationship between a subject and an object is characterized as “central” and “dependent,” “dynamic” and “static,” “initiating” and “responding,” “creative” and “conservative,” “outgoing” and “modest” as well as “active” and “passive.”
2.2.3. Subject and Object Occupy Different Positions
As explained above, the subject is central, dynamic, initiating, creative, active, and outgoing in relation to the object, whereas the object is dependent, static, responding, conservative, passive, and modest in relation to the subject. The cause of this difference between subject and object lies in the subject-object relationship within the Original Image. Give and receive action takes place only between subject and object. That is to say, give and receive action takes place when there is a difference in position. When two elements occupy the same position, give and receive action does not take place, but rather a repulsion will appear between them. For example, repulsion appears between two positive charges.
When there is a difference in position between subject and object, a certain order is established. Thus, give and receive action takes place where there is order. This theory of subject and object becomes another standard for solving actual problems. As mentioned above, the world today is experiencing increasing chaos, which is very difficult to control. The reason for such increasing chaos is that most relationships are not based on harmonious give and receive action, so they have instead become conflicting relationships. In other words, the relationships are not those of subject and object, but rather, they have become those repulsive relationships of subject and subject.
The best way of solving our social chaos is to re-establish order. In order to establish order, conflictual relationships between subject and subject should be changed into harmonious relationships. Thus, it is necessary to explain the concept of subject and object, and the standard for the relationship between subject and object should be clarified. The theory of the four-position foundation in the Original Image, or the theory of give and receive action between subject and object can meet this demand. Thus, the theory of subject and object in the Original Image becomes a standard for solving actual problems.
2.2.4. Correlatives and Opposites
I will now discuss the concepts of correlatives and opposites in relation to subject and object. The original relationship between subject and object centered on purpose is harmonious and never conflicting. When two elements or two individuals are engaged in a harmonious relationship, these two elements or individuals are called “correlatives” in Unification Thought. This differs from Marxist Thought, where two elements or individuals are “opposites,” because they engage in struggle with each other. Development can be realized only through harmonious correlatives, whereas in the case of struggling opposites, development is blocked and can come to a complete deadlock. Communism has tried to reform politics, economy, and culture based on its materialistic dialectic―the theory of contradiction, or the theory of opposites―and, as a result, they have come to a deadlock which can never be controlled.
Development is achieved through the give and receive action of correlatives centered on purpose, and never through the conflict between opposites where there is no common purpose. The theory of correlatives is a theoretical method which today can provide a fundamental solution to the chaos of Communist countries, as well as of the free world. Thus, the theory of correlatives becomes yet another standard for solving actual problems.
2. Formation of the Four Position Foundation
2.1. Constituents of the Four Position Foundation
2.2. Inner Four Position Foundation and Outer Four Position Foundation
In human beings, the inner and outer give and receive actions correspond to one’s internal life and external life. The internal life refers to one’s individual spiritual life, and the external life refers to one’s social life wherein he or she associates with others. The internal life is the give and receive action that takes place within one’s mind, and the external life is the give and receive action that takes place in one’s relationship with other people. Such inner and outer give and receive actions in humans are modeled after the Original Sungsang’s inner and outer give and receive actions. The inner and outer give and receive actions manifest themselves in every created being as well as in human beings.
As already explained, the relationship between Sungsang and Hyungsang is that between subject and object, and give and receive action between subject and object, with the involvement of the center and the result, result in the formation of a four position foundation. Accordingly, seen from the viewpoint of position, the inner give and receive action becomes an inner four position foundation, and the outer give and receive action becomes an outer four position foundation. Thus, the Original Sungsang is engaged in the formation of four position foundations both internally and externally. The Inner four position foundation together with the outer four position foundation in the Original Image is called the “two stage structure of the Original Image.” Taking after this structure of the Original Image, four position foundations are formed internally and externally in each and every created being. This structure in created beings is called the “two stage structure of existence.”
2.3. Two-Stage Structure of the Original Image and Two-Stage Structure of Existence
Therefore, the fundamental way of solving social problems (actual problems) is for human beings to re-establish original four position foundations internally and externally. Thus, the theory of the inner four position foundation and the outer four position foundation becomes another standard for settling actual problems. In this way, the inner four position foundation and the outer four position foundation in the Original Image become the standard for the existence of all created beings. This discussion has been concerned with the “two-stage structure of the Original Image,” which consists of inner and outer four position foundations in the Original Image, and the “two-stage structure of existence,” which consists of inner and outer four position foundations in created beings. The “two-stage structure of existence” resembles the “two-stage structure of the Original Image” according to the law of resemblance. These structures are illustrated in figures 1.7 and 1.8.
3. Kinds of Four Position Foundations
I would like now to discuss the kinds of four position foundations. As I have already explained, there are inner and outer four position foundations as well as the identity-maintaining and developmental four position foundations. Hence, we have four different kinds of four position foundations. In combination we have the following foundations: inner identity-maintaining four position foundation, outer identity-maintaining four position foundation, inner developmental four position foundation, and outer developmental four position foundation. These are illustrated in fig. 1.9. I would like now to explain each of them in turn.
3.1. Inner Identity-Maintaining Four Position Foundation
The inner identity-maintaining four position foundation is the combi-nation of the inner four position foundation and the identity-maintaining four position foundation. It is an inner four position foundation, within the Original Sungsang, which maintains itself and is unchanging. The identity-maintaining four position foundation is formed when the Sungsang and Hyungsang are engaged in give and receive action, and unity is realized as a result. The identity-maintaining four position foundation is formed internally within the Sungsang and, at the same time, externally between Sungsang and Hyungsang. We human beings live our lives while thinking various things in our mind. Thinking is carried out internally through give and receive action between inner sungsang and inner Hyungsang whereby inner four position foundations are formed. We also live our lives externally through give and receive action with other people, whereby outer four position foundations are formed.
3.2. Outer Identity-Maintaining Four Position Foundation
The outer identity-maintaining four-position foundation is the combination of the outer four-position foundation and the identity-maintaining four-position foundation. It is an outer four-position foundation formed outside the Original Sungsang, and its character is immutability. It is the harmonious state of God’s attributes prior to the creation of all things, namely, the harmonious state of Sungsang and Hyungsang. In a family or in a society, we live with other people helping each other or relying on one another. Here, outer identity-maintaining four-position foundations are formed between members of a family or a society. The outer identity-maintaining four-position foundation is accompanied by the inner identity-maintaining four-position foundation. A good example is a married couple. While husband and wife each live their own lives, thus forming their own inner identity-maintaining four-position foundations, they live in harmony and help each other, and in this way the unity of husband and wife is realized. This unity of husband and wife is the formation of an outer identity-maintaining four-position foundation.
Thus, an outer identity-maintaining four-position foundation is inseparable from an inner identity-maintaining four-position foundation. In other words, an outer identity-maintaining four-position foundation is established on the basis of an inner identity-maintaining four-position foundation.
Thus, both the inner identity-maintaining four-position foundation and the outer identity-maintaining four-position foundation are established for the sun as well as for the earth. These inner and outer identity-maintaining four-position foundations are inseparable.
Circular motion which manifests the inner identity-maintenance (namely, rotation) and the circular motion which manifests the outer identity-maintenance (namely, revolution) are also seen in the original way of human life. Yet, since human life is spiritual, circular motion in this case is not physical, but it is a round, harmonious, and smooth give and receive action centered on love, which is the same as in the Original Image. In humans, the inner identity- maintaining four position foundation is manifested as one’s peaceful and loving personality. As for the object partner, the outer identity-maintaining four-position foundation consists of its revolution around the subject, which means obedience and gratitude to the subject. As for the subject partner, the outer identity-maintaining four position foundation is manifested as its dominion over the object through truth and love: the subject continuously loves and educates the object.
3.3. Inner Developmental Four Position Foundation
In the case of the production of a commodity or a work of art by human beings, an idea or a plan is made first and then a commodity or a work of art is produced or created using machines and tools. Thus, planning comes first and production is second. Planning, which takes place in the mind, is internal, whereas production, which is made with machines or tools, is external. Both planning and production are made through the formation of four position foundations. The result of planning is a new being, and the result of production is also a new being. The plan is not vague, and it is made with a clear purpose of producing a definite commodity. Needless to say, production is made with a clear purpose as well. Thus, four position foundations both in planning and in production are centered on purpose. Four position foundations accompanied by a purpose and a new being are developmental four position foundations. Developmental four position foundations are formed internally and externally; the inner developmental four position foundation for planning, and the outer developmental four position foundation for production.
Next, I will explain in detail about the inner developmental four position foundation in the Original Sungsang, under the topics: “purpose as the center,” “Inner Sungsang as subject,” “Inner Hyungsang as object,” “inner give and receive action,” and “a plan as the result.”
What Is Inner Sungsang?
This point bears an important actual significance. Motivated by Heart, God established the purpose of creation, and He mobilized the three faculties of intellect, emotion and will centering on that purpose, whereby He invested all His power in His creation (Rev. Moon once said, “God invested all of Himself in His creation of heaven and earth”). In His providence of re-creation as well, He mobilized all His faculties of intellect, emotion and will. Furthermore, in the history of restoration, especially today, when the chaos of the Last Days prevails, the three great fields of culture―the academic field, such as science and philosophy; the artistic field, such as music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry and so on; and the field of life norms, such as religion, morality and ethics―have to be mobilized for the purpose of the realization of God’s ideal world, namely, the world of the unified culture, or the world of the culture of heart.
Nevertheless, today, almost all cultural fields have lost their proper direction, and they are sinking into degeneracy. In our time, pseudo-revolutionary thoughts such as Marxism and Kim Il-Sung’s Juche Idea advocate proletarian art and folk art. In fact, however, they are vulgarizing and making sterile all the cultural fields, especially the arts.
It is evident, therefore, that intellectuals, and scholars who are engaged in the various cultural fields today, have an urgent mission to accomplish. They should understand God’s purpose of creation and advance forward with firm determination to realize it, and construct the ideal world of creation, the world of the unified culture (culture of heart). Thus, the fact that the three faculties of intellect, emotion and will in the Inner Sungsang were mobilized, centering on purpose, in the formation of the inner developmental four position foundation in God’s Creation, is also an important standard for solving actual problems.
Inner Sungsang Is the Union of Spirit Mind and Physical Mind
It should be noted here that the intellect, emotion and will of both the spirit self and the physical self are contained in the human mind. Since a human being is a dual being (united being) of spirit self and physical self, the human mind is the union of spirit mind and physical mind. Hence, the faculties of intellect, emotion and will of the spirit mind and those of the physical mind are combined and united in the human inner sungsang. The physical mind has an instinctive level of intellect, emotion and will. The intellect, emotion and will of the spirit mind is creative and developmental, whereas the intellect, emotion and will of the physical mind is not.
The intellectual faculty of the physical mind is capable of sensibility and perception with a low level of understanding, whereas the intellectual faculty of the spirit mind is capable of the functions of perception, understanding and reason, through which abstract and universal truths can be attained. The spirit mind thinks of, and reflects upon, oneself; namely, it possesses self-consciousness. When the neuro-physiologist John Eccles and the biologist Andree Goudot-Perrot say that only human beings possess self-consciousness, they are referring to the spirit mind.
The emotional faculty of the physical mind is also of a lower level than that of the spirit mind. The emotional faculty of the physical mind has the ability to feel joy, anger, sorrow, and easiness, and to show an altruistic nature, to a lesser extent than does the spirit mind. The emotional faculty of the spirit mind is of a higher level, and with it we are able to engage in artistic activities, and to love our nation and humankind, often even at the risk of our lives.
The volitional faculty of the physical mind is also of a lower level than that of the spirit mind. The volitional faculty consists of desire, the power of practice, and the power of decision, with all of which the purpose of creation (the purpose for the individual and the purpose for the whole) can be realized. An animal’s purpose of creation is achieved primarily through material life (food, shelter, multiplication, and so on), while the purpose of creation in human beings is achieved through one’s spiritual life (a life of truth, goodness and beauty). Thus, in the volitional faculty as well, there is a distinction between animals and human beings. The volitional function of an animal is solely related to food, clothing, shelter, and sex; but the volitional function of human beings is a combination of that of the physical mind together with that of the spirit mind. In an original human being, the spirit mind is superior to the physical mind; therefore, we should put our priority on pursuing a life of value, and only then should we be concerned with our material life.
c) Inner Hyungsang as Object
What Is Inner Hyungsang?
Next, I will discuss the Inner Hyungsang, which is in the object position in the inner developmental four position foundation. As already explained, the Inner Hyungsang, the aspect of form in the Original Sungsang, consists of ideas, concepts, principles, and mathematical principles. An idea is a concrete image of each created being that will be created, or already has been created. A concept is a universal image of features abstracted from a group of ideas. Principles are the root cause of the natural laws of the universe and the norms of human life. Finally, mathematical principles are the ultimate cause of the numerical phenomena in the natural world.
Inner Hyungsang Is a Kind of Mold
A mold of Inner Hyungsang is not simply a mold concerned with external appearances, as in the case of an artificial mold. A mold of Inner Hyungsang is vastly more detailed and includes internal structure as well. For example, the mold for the creation of a human physical body includes the intimately detailed structure of internal viscera, organs, tissues, and cells. A mold of Inner Hyungsang is made up of ideas, concepts, laws, and mathematical principles. Living beings which belong to a certain species have a common peculiar shape and a common character and they obey certain laws and mathematical principles. It is because of this that all things are created taking after the Inner Hyungsang, the spiritual mold, in a way analogous to that by which an iron product resembles its mold.
A spiritual mold of Inner Hyungsang, as just explained, is directly related to a created being. It should be noted, however, that there are many other ideas, concepts, laws, and mathematical principles which are the molds not for created beings but rather for abstract beings. For example, such ideas or concepts as “God,” “I,” “parents,” “beauty,” “ideal,” “purpose,” and so on are not molds for things that appear in the world of time and space; they take part in creation but they are not molds for created beings as such.
d) Inner Give and Receive Action
What Is Inner Give and Receive Action?
An inner developmental four position foundation is formed in the Original Sungsang through the inner give and receive action, centering on the purpose of bringing forth a new being. This inner give and receive action is carried out between subject and object in the Original Sungsang; namely, between the unified faculty of intellect, emotion and will, and Inner Hyungsang. The inner give and receive action centered on the purpose of creation, is the “thinking” or “planning” that takes place in God’s mind.
Why do we regard “thinking” as a give and receive action? Thinking, as we commonly understand it, is constituted by such functions of the mind as memory, reflection, judgment, interest, planning, opinion, understanding, imagination, conjecture, inference, hoping, meditation, interpretation, and so on. To be honest, even an illusion can be included in the concept of thinking, since it is also a phenomenon in the mind.
Thinking can, in turn, be classified into three categories: thinking of the past, thinking about the present, and thinking of the future. Thinking of the past is related to memory, thinking about the present is related to opinion, inference, understanding, and so on, and thinking of the future is related to planning, hoping, and so on. It should be noted here that ideas (or images) are necessarily involved in any kind of thinking. These ideas in our mind were acquired through our past experiences. For example, we have the images of birds or flowers in our mind because we have seen and experienced them. Thus, thinking always includes ideas (images), with which give and receive action is made in our mind.
Operation of Ideas
Operation of Ideas is Give and Receive Action
The operation of ideas is carried out in a manner similar to the operation of machines. The “recollection” of an idea corresponds to the preparation of a machine. The “association” or “composition” of ideas corresponds to the construction of machines. The “analysis” of an idea corresponds to the overhaul of a machine. The “formation” of a new idea corresponds to the assembly of a new machine. “Conversion” corresponds to the exchange of parts within a machine. The “synthesis” of ideas corresponds to the assembly of machines into a unified system. There is another operation of ideas, which is called “obversion,” during which an affirmative form of judgment is changed into a negative form of judgment. Thus, the operation of ideas refers to recollection, association, analysis, formation, conversion, synthesis, obversion, and so on, with which various ideas are dealt with.
Recollection is to retrieve a necessary idea from one’s past experiences. Association of ideas means that one is reminded of an idea by the presence of another idea. For example, one is reminded of one’s mother when one thinks of one’s father. The formation of an idea refers to the operation with which several lower-level ideas are combined to form a higher-level idea. For example, an idea of a house is composed of the lower-level ideas of foundation, cornerstone, pillar, crossbeam, beam, girder, rafter, roof, room, and so on. An analysis of an idea refers to the division of an idea into lower-level ideas. For example, we analyze our body as consisting of the nervous system, digestive system, sense organs, circulatory system, respiratory system, muscular tissue, urinary organs, endocrine glands, lymph nodes, and so on. Synthesis of ideas refers to the operation in which various lower-level ideas are united into a higher-level idea. For example, the union of the ideas of the nervous system, digestive system, sense organs, circulatory system, respiratory system, muscular tissue, urinary organs, and so on makes the higher-level idea of the human body.
Conversion is the operation in which subject and object are exchanged while keeping the content of judgment. For example, the judgment “Every A is B” is changed into “Some B is A.” Obversion is the operation of changing an affirmative form of judgment into a negative form of judgment (i.e., a predicate is changed into the negative form), while keeping the meaning: “A is B” is changed into “A is not non-B.” I have engaged in making a rather long explanation here in order to better help the reader to understand “thinking” as inner give and receive action.
Types of Give and Receive Action
As explained above, different kinds of thinking (recollection, judgment, opinion, imagination, understanding, inference, and so on) take place by operating with ideas in various ways. Give and receive action consists in the operation of ideas (see fig. 1.10).
I can explain this point further. In order to understand that the operation of ideas is give and receive action, we first need to understand the types of give and receive action. There are five types: bi-conscious type, uni-conscious type, unconscious type, heteronomous type, and contrast type (or collation type).
A bi-conscious type of give and receive action is made when both the subject and the object have consciousness. A uni-conscious type is made when the subject has consciousness, whereas the object, which is an inorganic non-living being, does not. An unconscious type is one carried out unconsciously between subject and object. For example, the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between animals and plants is made unconsciously. A heteronomous type of give and receive action is made when two parties, which are non-living beings, are induced by the will of a third party to engage in give and receive action. For example, the various parts of a machine engage in give and receive action with one another according to the will of the engineer who made the machine.
Thinking Is a Contrast Type of Give and Receive Actions
I have explained that thinking is made by give and receive action. The spiritual apperception, or the subject of cognition, which is the union of intellect, emotion and will in the mind, contrasts various ideas obtained from one’s experiences and these ideas are then stored in the inner Hyungsang. When the spiritual apperception contrasts the two elements, it recognizes one element as subject and the other element as object. The focus of interest of the spiritual apperception goes back and forth between the two elements within inner Hyungsang. Thus, two elements are regarded as being engaged in a give and receive action, which is a contrast type of give and receive action in a narrow sense. Thus, both the give and receive action between the spiritual apperception and the inner Hyungsang and that between the two elements within the inner Hyungsang are contrast types of give and receive action.
What is the result of the give and receive action (or collation) between any two elements? Sometimes, two elements are regarded as being completely the same, and at other times they are regarded as resembling each other, and at still other times they are regarded as being different from each other. There are even cases in which they might be regarded as opposites. In other words, they can be seen as being in a relationship of correspondence in some cases, and as not being so in others. Since give and receive action takes place centering on purpose, the result may be different depending on the purpose. Anticipating a certain result, our spiritual apperception carries out give and receive action toward a definite direction. This is the act of thinking. It is because of the difference in the purpose of give and receive action and the way of collation that we come to have such various kinds of thinking as recollection, understanding, judgment, inference, hope, and so on. Thus, various ways of thinking are made successively in the same way that water flows in a river.
A flow of thinking can come to a conclusion at a given point. Then, an idea (either simple or complex) which can serve as a mold for the created being is formed. This idea might be called an “idea-mold.” An idea-mold is a new being that has been formed through the contrast type of give and receive action. It is a “new idea,” a mold for creation. However, this is not yet a Logos (plan), but rather it is a stage prior to a Logos, which might be called a “pre-Logos” or “pre-plan.” A new idea, or an idea-mold is something concrete, in which concepts, laws, and mathematical principles are included. In other words, it is a concrete idea for a created being with its detailed internal structures. This new idea, or pre-Logos (pre-plan) is formed in the initial stage of the inner give and receive action. The Logos (plan) of a created being is established in the second, following stage.
Purpose Is the Center
Thinking is an inner give and receive action taking place in the mind, and the give and receive action is centered on purpose. In humans, however, thinking is often vague, not having a definite purpose. In contrast, in God, the Creator, thinking is based on purpose from the very beginning. This is the purpose of creation (purpose for the whole, and the purpose for the individual), which is based on Heart.
e) A Plan as the Result
What Is the Result?
According to the Divine Principle, Logos is the Word or reason-law. The Word refers to idea, plan, and thought, and reason-law refers to the union of reason and law. Reason is characterized by freedom and purpose, whereas law is characterized by necessity and mechanicalness. Accordingly, freedom and necessity are united and purpose and mechanicalness are united in the reason-law. Since the universe was created by reason-law, this reason-law is at work in all things. The reason-law at work in the natural world takes the form of natural laws, whereas the reason-law at work in human life, manifests as behavioral norms.
Logos as Pre-plan
In the summary above I explained Logos mainly as reason-law, but I have not yet explained it as Word or plan in much detail. I will do so now. Earlier I referred to planning when I discussed the inner give and receive action. Planning is not a plan, in the strict sense of a new being (resultant being). Rather, it is an action of thinking, namely, a give and receive action, or an operation of ideas. I have also referred to the concept of a “pre-plan.” This is a concrete spiritual mold, a model for a creature, or a “new idea” (an “idea-mold”), which is formed through a contrast type of give and receive action, and which contains concepts, laws, mathematical principles, and exact internal structures.
The plan (pre-plan), however, is not the plan in the sense of being the Word with which God created the universe. It is the prior stage Logos, which is a static image, similar to a photo; it is not a dynamic and living image as can be seen in a movie. In contrast, the Logos, or Word, with which God created the universe, is a new living being, or a living plan. This explanation is supported by the Biblical passage: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God; all things were made through him, and without him was not anything made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men (John 1:1-4).
Logos as Plan
The Word with which all things were created is a plan possessing life and vigor. It is a new idea with exact structures, an idea-mold, or a new being (formed through the operation of ideas), which is given life and has assumed a dynamic character. Then, how does a new idea, which before had a static character, come to assume a dynamic character? It does so by making the passage from the first stage to the second in the inner give and receive action. There are two stages in the inner give and receive action between the spiritual apperception (union of intellect, emotion and will) and the inner Hyungsang. In the first stage, a new idea (pre-plan) is formed through the operation of ideas. And in the second stage, the faculties of intellect, emotion and will are injected into the new idea centered on Heart (love), and then the new idea becomes vigorous and dynamic, and it becomes a perfected plan. It must be clarified here that Yang and Yin, which exist as potentials within intellect, emotion and will, surface in the second stage, and harmonize the manifestation of the three faculties. The perfected plan in the second stage is Logos, the object partner of God, or Logos with dual characteristics (DP, 171). This is Logos as the Word with which God created the universe, or it is the plan as the result of the inner developmental four position foundation.
f) A Summary of the Explanation of the Inner Developmental Four Position Foundation
This concludes my explanation of the inner developmental four position foundation. Let me briefly summarize what has been said so far.
Center of the Inner Developmental Four Position Foundation
The inner developmental four position foundation is formed prior to the outer developmental four position foundation in God’s creation. The purpose, which is the center of the four position foundation, and which is established on the basis of Heart, is to create human beings as God’s object partners of love, in other words, to realize love through human beings. Accordingly, for humans, the purpose of being created is to love one another, to love God and all things. Due to the fall, however, human beings have lost their original nature and have brought about today’s great confusion. Hence, one way to settle this confusion is to redirect all the purposes guiding human beings toward the original purpose of their being created.
Subject of the Inner Developmental Four Position Foundation
The three faculties of intellect, emotion, and will are united, and are in the subject position in the inner developmental four position foundation. The values of truth, beauty and goodness are pursued through the faculties of intellect, emotion and will, respectively, and three cultural fields can be established through realizing these three values. In His creation of the universe, to realize the purpose of creation, God invested His whole energy and all of His intellect, emotion and will. Hence, in order to restore fallen human culture, presently in crisis, and to create a new one, intellectuals and scholars in various cultural fields should come forth with a unified ideal. In the human mind the faculties of intellect, emotion and will of both the spirit mind and the physical mind are unified, and intellect, emotion, and will are also unified. This union of intellect, emotion, and will is called the “spiritual apperception.” Their spiritual apperception is what makes humans spiritual beings, and beings possessing self-consciousness.
The spirit mind pursues a life of truth, goodness, beauty, and love, namely, a life of value, whereas the physical mind pursues a life of food, clothing, shelter, and sex, namely, a material life. In an original human being, priority is put on a life of value, pursued through the spirit mind, and a material life, as pursued through the physical mind, has a secondary priority.
Object in the Inner Developmental Four Position Foundation
The Inner Hyungsang, in which ideas, concepts, laws, and mathematical principles are included, is in the object position in the inner developmental four position foundation. In the Inner Hyungsang concepts, laws, and mathematical principles are united and included in an idea. This idea plays the role of a mold (spiritual mold) in creation. At times, a simple idea becomes the mold, and at other times a complex idea becomes the mold. The spiritual mold has an exact internal structure. The molten metal (spiritual molten metal) is pre-energy or the Original Hyungsang. There are countless spiritual molds used in creation, all different from each other. In other wods, each mold corresponds to an individual image. Since in humans the individual image is different for each person, the role of each mold is completed when once used. In contrast, the individual image for all things is for one species, and therefore, a single mold can provide for the many creatures that all belong to that one species.
Inner Give and Receive Action
In the inner developmental four position foundation a give and receive action between Inner Sungsang and Inner Hyungsang is carried out centering on purpose. This is thinking or planning. Thinking is classified into three categories: thinking of the past (memory, recollection, and so on), thinking of the present (opinion, judgment, inference, and so on), and thinking of the future (plan, hope, ideal, and so on). The most fundamental element in thinking is an idea, or an image in the mind, and thinking is the process of working with ideas in various ways. The operation of ideas includes recollection, association, analysis, formation, conversion, synthesis, obversion, and so on. Inner give and receive action, which takes place in the inner developmental four position foundation is, in short, the operation of ideas. The Inner Sungsang (spiritual apperception), the subject, and the Inner Hyungsang, the object, engage in give and receive action whereby the operation of ideas is carried out in various ways. The operation of ideas is made through a comparison of ideas. In other words, inner give and receive action consists of a comparison of ideas. This is a uniconscious type of give and receive action, and at the same time, a contrast type of give and receive action.
Result of the Inner Developmental Four Position Foundation
Finally, I can summarize my explanation of a plan, which is established in the position of “result.” A plan, as a result, is different from the planning in the inner give and receive action. The latter means thinking or an activity, whereas the former means a new being which appears as the result of give-and-receive action. The plan as a new being is Logos, or the Word with which God created all things. Inner give and receive action consists of two stages. In the first stage, a new idea is formed through the operation of ideas in the Inner Hyungsang. A new idea is a pre-plan, an early stage of a plan, which is a static image lacking vitality or dynamism.
The plan, as the Word with which God created the universe, is a new being endowed with vitality, which is formed in the second stage of inner give and receive action. The faculties of intellect, emotion, and will, or the spiritual apperception is injected into a new idea, and the idea is thereby activated, becoming a perfected idea. The plan formed in the second stage is the Logos, with dual characteristics, and reason-law is an integral part of it. Reason-law is the union of reason and law, wherein freedom and necessity are united. I have already discussed this point in detail in my explanation of the Logos in the section on the Divine Character.
3.4. Outer Developmental Four Position Foundation
a) What Is the Outer Developmental Four Position Foundation?
This foundation is a combination of the outer four position foundation and the developmental four position foundation. In other words, it is the outer four position foundation that has been formed through give and receive action outside the Original Sungsang, namely, between the Original Sungsang and the Original Hyungsang, and which has assumed a developmental or dynamic nature. As explained previously, development means the appearance of a being with a new character, namely, a new being (development is a concept arising when creation is seen from the perspective of the result). The developmental four position foundation is formed when the subject and object are engaged in give and receive action centering on the purpose of creation, thus giving rise to a new being.
The developmental four position foundation is formed inside and outside the Original Sungsang, in the same way as is the identity-maintaining four position foundation. However, with the developmental four position foundation, the inner and outer four position foundations are not formed simultaneously. The inner developmental four position foundation is formed first, and then the outer developmental four position foundation is formed second.
b) Outer Developmental Four Position Foundation Is formed on the Basis of Inner Developmental Four Position Foundation
The four position foundation is a spatial understanding of the give and receive action, between subject and object, that is centered on Heart or purpose, and giving rise to a result. Accordingly, we can discuss the inner and outer developmental four position foundations from the viewpoint of give and receive action. Since development is a concept arising when creation is seen from the result, we can best understand the developmental four position foundation if we examine how the creation is made.